Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and. The depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 items dass 21 is a set of three selfreport scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The standard diagnosis criterion for depression is the patient health questionnaire phq, whilst the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21, which has 21 questions, is used for screening. The scale can be used for screening, however, for diagnosis, the patient should be referred for specialist consultation. The scores for the depression anxiety stress scales 21 and 12 were higher for the psychiatric group than for the nonpsychiatric group, confirming the presence of knowngroups validity. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass the dass is a 42item questionnaire which includes three selfreport scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass the depression, anxiety and stress scale were applied in order to reveal the psychological status of the individuals. Depression anxiety stress scales short form dass21. Each of the three dass 21 scales contains 7 items, divided into subscales with similar content. Registering new patients or learning about previous medical history are some of the processes made easier with our collection of online healthcare form templates. Depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 items dass21. Because the dass 21 is a short form version of the dass the long form has 42 items, the final score of each item groups. Jan 03, 2018 the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 pdf is a standardised assessment tool for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms that can help you develop a treatment plan and assess symptom severity or treatment progress.
The depression, anxiety, and stress scale 21 dass21 is a frequently used measure of emotional disturbance symptoms in parkinsons disease pd. The depression anxiety stress scales 21 and 12 exhibited moderatetostrong correlations with the negative affect. The relationship between physical activity levels and. The italian version of the depression anxiety stress scales. The psychometric properties of turkish version of depression. Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate. Emotional syndromes like depression and anxiety are intrinsically dimensional they vary along a continuum of severity independent of the specific diagnosis. This dass 21 depression anxiety stress scale test evaluates the severity of mental disorder symptoms associated to the three and provides a mild, moderate or severe result. Short version of the depression anxiety stress scale21. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass questionnaire was used as selfadministered scale along. It is not a categorical measure of clinical diagnoses.
During the development process, it was established that the main symptoms of depression are low selfesteem, hopelessness, devaluation of life, selfdeprecation and inertia. The depression scale assesses dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life. Depression, anxiety, and stress are all negative feelings. Depression anxiety stress scale21 dass21 spinal cord. The depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 items dass21 is a set of three selfreport scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The short version of the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass 21 was developed to provide a selfreport measure of anxiety, depression and stress signals. Also, this scale is used in determining the level of negative emotional states.
One would expect anxiety and stress to load higher than depression on the common factor as they are more highly correlated and, therefore, dominate the definition of this common factor. Measurement invariance of the depression anxiety stress. Psychometric properties of the 42item and 21 item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales dass in clinical groups and a community sample. The dass 21 was chosen because it appears to be a reliable and easy to administer measure, ideal for both clinical and research purposes. Jul 26, 2018 the dass is a 42item self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension stress. Dass 21 is a set of three selfreport scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The aim of this study was to validate the 21 item depression anxiety and stress scale dass21 for use in screening for these common mental disorders among rural women with young children in the. The dass21 contains 21 items, divided into three 7item subscales, where each item. For the score interpretation, see the dass description. Depression, anxiety, stress 7 items each summary the depression anxiety stress scale21 dass21 is a screening tool for identifying, differentiating and assessing depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress scale 21 in older primary care patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biophysical therapy on saa levels, in addition to the depression anxiety stress scale dass 21 questionnaire. The dass 21 is a self report evaluation scale aimed at revealing the severity of symptoms that the patient suffers from and which can be associated with depression or anxiety or are consistent with stress. The depression anxiety stress scale dass is a 42item selfreport measure of anxiety, depression and stress developed by lovibond and lovibond 1995 which is increasingly used in diverse settings.
The dass 21 is a shorter, 21 item version of the dass42, which is a self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension stress. Depression, anxiety, stress, scale dass 21 a psychological measure. The dass 21 is the short form of the dass42 or dass. Its popularity is partly attributable to the fact uk. However, the lack of appropriate validation among asian populations continues to pose concerns over the use of dass. The present study was conducted to assess the psychometric characteristics of the 21 item version of the depression, anxiety, and stress scales dass 21 among different racial groups. Data were collected by depression, anxiety, and stress scale 21 dass 21 and analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Depression, anxiety, and stress among health science. Depression, anxiety, stress 7 items each summary the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass 21 is a screening tool for identifying, differentiating and assessing depression, anxiety, and stress.
The arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scale. The depression, anxiety, and stress scales with 21 items. Record circled number on the line provided in the office use only columns next to the responses. The short version of the depression anxiety stress scale21 dass 21 was developed to provide a selfreport measure of anxiety, depression and stress signals. Lovibond and lovibond 1995a developed a single measure to assess the core symptoms of depression and anxiety while maximizing discriminant validity between these constructs. The dass questionnaire is in the public domain, and may be downloaded from this website.
Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety and stress. Participants with normal severity for all scales were considered. The dass 21 is a wellestablished instrument for measuring depression, anxiety, and stress with good reliability and validity reported from hispanic american, british, and australian adults. The dass 21 has 21 items if you are under time pressure. The current study aims assess the genderbased measurement invariance of the dass 21 questionnaire in a chinese university student sample from five different cities. However, the lack of appropriate validation among asian populations continues to pose concerns over the use of dass 21 in asian samples. Each of these is rated on a fourpoint likert scale of frequency or severity of the participants experiences over the last week with the intention of emphasising states over traits. Lastly, the dass 21 demonstrated good criterionoriented validity. The 21item and 12item versions of the depression anxiety. The depression anxiety and stress scale, or dass21, is a 21 question assessment that was developed to measure the degree of depression, anxiety and stress in an individual. Crosscultural adaptation and validation of the depression. In order to have comparible scores, the sum of the dass 21 is multiplied by 2.
The internal consistency and temporal stability of the measure were good. The university of new south wales in australia developed a questionnaire to measure all three of them using one questionnaire, known as dass. The depression, anxiety and stress scale dass21 pdf is a standardised assessment tool for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms that can help you develop a treatment plan and assess symptom severity or treatment progress. This study aimed to examine the validity of the arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scale21 dass21 in 149 illicit drug users. General health questionnaire 12 ghq 12 was used for assessment of general health among. The dass21 is the short form of the dass42 or dass. Dass, the depression anxiety stress scales, is made up of 42 selfreport items to be completed over five to ten minutes, each reflecting a negative emotional symptom. This study aimed to examine the validity of the arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass 21 in 149 illicit drug users.
In this psytoolkit version, for example is used, because not everybody might now the abbreviation eg which is predominantly used in academia. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21 as shown in tables 2, 3 and 4, the severities for each dimension of mental health were categorised as normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe. Research article open access validation of the depression. The scale, developed by lovibond and lovibond 1995 and proposed by australian psychological. Depression and anxiety are recognised increasingly as serious public health problems among women in low and lowermiddle income countries. Spanish translation and validation with a hispanic sample article pdf available in journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment 243. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress in patients. It includes seven 7 questions for each and the scores are calculated by adding up the scores for each item in the section. In this psytoolkit version, for example is used, because not everybody might now the. Validity and responsiveness of the depression anxiety stress.
Dass depression and anxiety stress scale scoring s stress q1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18 a anxiety q2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20 d depression q3, 5, 10, 16, 17, 21 1. The dass 21 is the short form of the dass42, a selfreport scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The depression subscale of the dass 21 is reported to have a sensitivity of 57. The depression anxiety stress scale dass 21, psychology foundation of australia was used to screen mental health problems among the population 12.
Dass severity ratings the dass is a quantitative measure of distress along the 3 axes of depression, anxiety1 and stress2. Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was found as. Each of the three scales contains 14 items, divided into subscales of 25 items with similar content. Crosscultural adaptation and validation of the depression, anxiety and stress scale 21 dass 21 in the korean working population. As the three scales of the dass have been shown to have high internal consistency and to yield meaningful discriminations, the scales should meet the needs of both researchers and clinicians who. The italian version of the depression anxiety stress.
Pdf using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass. The arabic version of the depression anxiety stress scale 21. Using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass21 across. Pdf a guide to the depression, anxiety and stress scale. The scale to which each item belongs is indicated by the letters d depression, a anxiety and s stress. A guide to the depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21. Dass 21 name date please read each statement and circle a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the statement applied to you over the past week. The dass 21 is a self report evaluation scale aimed at revealing the severity of symptoms that the patient suffers from and which can be associated with depression or anxiety or are consistent with stress manifestations. Below the form there are instructions on how to interpret the result as well as in which axis each of the questions belongs too. This scale can be used as long as the website, the authors, and the papers are. Depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were measured with the dass 21, a selfreported 21 item scale for assessing discrete core symptoms in the three 7item subscale dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass 21 please read each statement and circle a number 0, 1, 2 or 3 which indicates how much the statement applied to you over the past week.
Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales dass in clinical samples. Pdf using the depression anxiety stress scale 21 dass21. The dass 21 is a 21 item self report questionnaire devised. The depression anxiety stress scales 21 dass 21 has three 7item subscales depression, anxiety, and stress. Depression, anxiety and stress scale dass 21 at ease. The dass 21 contains 21 items, divided into three 7item subscales, where each item. Add up the number in the first column of the office use only. Twentyfour workers sales representatives presenting with mild anxiety stress symptoms generalized anxiety disorder 7item scale of 5 were randomized to biophysical treatment. The dass 21 scores are multiplied by two so that you can. Moreover, testretest reliability coefficient was obtained as r0. Gamma coefficients that represent the loading of each scale on the overall factor total score are. The dass is a 42item self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension stress. Using an empirically driven iterative process, they identified a third factor, which they labeled stress. Each of the three dass21 scales contains 7 items, divided into subscales with similar content.
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